体育管理顶刊概览｜《欧洲体育管理季刊》2021年第3期
期刊简介
《欧洲体育管理季刊》（ISSN：1618-4742）为欧洲体育管理协会会刊，创始主编是特雷弗·斯拉克（Trevor Slack），现任主编为英国拉夫堡大学的Paul Downward教授。
EQSM刊载论文内容涵盖所有类型的体育组织研究，并关注对公共、志愿和商业体育机构的管理研究，包括业余和专业机构、生产与体育有关的商品的企业、和体育行业的公共服务组织。从研究选题和内容来看，以欧洲视角的论文研究偏多，但同时ESMQ鼓励具有国际视野的比较研究和文章，支持用新的和创造性的方法来生成和传播有关体育管理的知识，出版语言是英语。ESMQ于2011年入选SSCI社会科学索引来源期刊，是国际体育管理研究的顶级期刊之一。本期概览
①Bounded rationality or bounded morality? The National Basketball Association response to COVID-19
有限理性还是有限道德？美国篮球协会应对新冠肺炎疫情
作者：Lauren C. Hindman, Nefertiti A. Walker and Kwame J. A. Agyemang
Research question: The COVID-19 pandemic created a crisis rife with complexity and ethical dilemmas for sport organizations. The purpose of this study is to examine the decision-making process of one such organization, the National Basketball Association (NBA), during the pandemic. Specifically, we draw from theories on decision-making and business ethics to understand how decisions were made.
研究问题：新冠疫情给体育组织带来了一场充满复杂性和道德困境的危机。本研究的目的是考察疫情期间美国篮球协会(NBA)的决策过程。具体来说，我们从决策和商业伦理的理论中了解NBA如何做出决策。
Research methods: We conducted an inductive qualitative content analysis on NBA media coverage between 21 January and 10 July 2020. A total of 152 articles were identified and included in an analysis from ESPN.com, the most prominent sports news outlet in the United States.
研究方法：我们对2020年1月21日至7月10日期间的NBA媒体报道进行了归纳定性的内容分析。从美国最著名的体育新闻媒体http://ESPN.com中共找出152篇文章并纳入分析。
Research findings: Findings suggest that decision-making in the NBA was characterized by the cognitive limits of bounded rationality and the moral limits of bounded morality. The NBA’s decision-making process swayed between caution and risk as priorities shifted, with the league, teams, and players focusing on various repercussions to health and safety,finances, and competitive advantage.
研究结果与发现：研究结果表明，NBA的决策具有有限理性的认知极限和有限道德的道德极限的特点。NBA的决策过程在谨慎和冒险之间横跳，因为优先事项发生了变化，联盟、球队和球员都在关注对健康和安全、财务和竞争优势的各种影响。
Implications: This research expands understanding of how crises such as a pandemic impact decision-making in sport organizations. In addition, it highlights how bounded rationality and morality affect decision-making in situations that are complex, time-sensitive, and include moral conflicts, which sport organization leaders may frequently encounter.
启示：这项研究拓展了人们对诸如疫情等危机如何影响体育组织决策的理解。此外，它还强调了在复杂的、时间敏感的、包括道德冲突的情况下，约束性理性和道德是如何影响决策的，而这正是体育组织领导人可能经常遇到的问题。
Keywords: Decision-making; professional sports; ethics; crisis management
关键词：决策；体育专业；道德规范；危机管理
②Are diversified football clubs better prepared for a crisis? First empirical evidence from the stock market
多元化的足球俱乐部能更好地应对危机吗？来自股票市场的第一个经验性证据
作者：Johannes Fühner , Sascha L. Schmidt & Dominik Schreyer
Research question: In this short article, we explore whether highly diversified professional football clubs, from an investor perspective, are better prepared for an unpredictable global crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic than undiversified clubs.
研究问题：在这篇短文中，我们将从投资者的角度探讨高度多元化的职业足球俱乐部是否比单一多元化的俱乐部更能应对不可预测的全球危机（例如新冠疫情）。
Research methods: We apply event study methodology to analyze stock returns of football clubs during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.
研究方法：我们采用事件研究法分析了第一波新冠疫情期间足球俱乐部的股票收益。
Research findings: Analyzing a dataset comprising 5380 daily stock returns of 21 publicly listed football clubs in Europe during the season 2019–20, our results suggest that investors preferred stocks of clubs with high levels of product diversification during the COVID-19 shock period. Vice versa, we observe a moderate negative effect of geographic diversification, i.e. a club’s internationalization efforts. Both effects are robust across various model specifications and after adding several control variables.
研究结果与发现：分析了2019-20赛季欧洲21家上市的足球俱乐部的5380份每日股票回报的数据集，结果表明，在新冠疫情期间，投资者更青睐产品多样化程度高的俱乐部股票。反之，我们观察到地域多元化（即俱乐部国际化发展）的适度负面效应。这两种影响在不同的模型规格和添加了几个控制变量后都是稳健的。
Implications: In the future, football executives may want to increasingly apply product diversification strategies to prepare for future crises better. In contrast, at least during a global health crisis, further expansion to international markets requires caution.
启示：未来，足球高管可能会越来越多地应用产品多元化战略，以更好地应对未来的危机。相反，至少在全球健康危机期间，进一步向国际市场扩张需要谨慎。
Keywords: COVID-19; football/soccer; diversification; public health; strategy
关键词：COVID-19；足球；多样化；公共卫生；策略
③Differences in residents’ social impact perception of a cycling event based on the fear of the COVID-19 pandemic
基于对新冠肺炎疫情的恐惧，居民对自行车赛事的社会影响感知存在差异
作者：José Miguel Vegara-Ferri, Jesús G. Pallarés & Salvador Angosto
Research question: The COVID-19 pandemic has paralysed the global economy, forcing the cancellation of many sports events around the world. Faced with this new situation of normality in professional sports events, this study examines the perceived social impact of a post-COVID-19 professional cycling event, assessing the influence of fear and health concerns on residents’perception.
研究问题：新冠疫情使全球经济衰退，迫使世界各地的许多体育赛事取消。本研究探讨了新冠肺炎疫情后职业自行车赛事的社会影响感知，评估了恐惧和健康担忧对居民感知的影响。
Research methods: The sample was made up of a total of 349 residents, 62.8% male and 37.2% female with an average age of 40. A resident’s social impact perception questionnaire was used. Data collection was carried out post-event through online surveys via Facebook. A cluster analysis was carried out taking as a dependent variable, concern or fear for health and the increase in the number of infections of COVID-19.
研究方法：样本共349名居民，男性62.8%，女性37.2%，平均年龄40岁。采用居民社会影响感知问卷调查。通过Facebook的在线调查，在事件后进行数据收集。以对健康的担忧或恐惧、新冠肺炎感染人数的增加等为因变量，进行了聚类分析。
Research findings: The cluster analysis identified three groups of residents (Safe, Neutral and Unsafe), showing statistically significant differences in the residents’perceived social impact of the event between groups. The‘Safe’groupvalued all dimensions of social impact perception more positively than the‘Neutral’and‘Unsafe’ groups. The socio-demographic profile presented differences according to gender and event attendance.
研究结果与发现：聚类分析将居民分为三组（安全组、中性组和不安全组），居民对事件的社会影响感知在群体间存在显著差异。“安全”组比“中立”和“不安全”组更积极地评价社会影响感知的所有维度。社会人口学资料根据性别和活动出席情况呈现不同。
Implications: The findings of this study help to better understand the social perception of residents in the host city in a pandemic situation and how fear can affect their perceptions of the event. Knowing the opinion of the residents and having their involvement and support in the organisation of sports events is a key factor for the success of these competitions in cities. In this situation of uncertainty, it is necessary to be aware of these perceptions and to develop strategies to involve the citizens in the development of these events.
启示：本研究的结果有助于更好地理解疫情发生时主办城市居民的社会感知，以及恐惧如何影响他们对疫情的感知。了解居民的意见，让他们参与和支持体育赛事的组织是城市体育赛事成功的关键因素。在这种不确定的情况下，有必要了解这些看法并制定战略，让公民参与这些事件的发展。
Keywords: Sport event; social impact; community support; residents; segmentation
关键词：体育活动；社会影响；社会支持；居民；分割
④Demand for public events in the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study of European football
COVID-19疫情对公共活动的需求：欧洲足球的一个案例研究
作者：J. James Reade & Carl Singleton
Research question: This study looks at stadium attendances in elite-level European football, to suggest how people responded to the initial COVID-19 outbreak. This offers insight into how professional sports will emerge from social lockdowns and competition taking place behind closed doors.
研究问题：这项研究观察了欧洲顶级足球比赛的体育场上座率，以说明人们如何应对最初的新冠疫情。这让我们了解到，职业体育将如何摆脱社会封锁，以及在封闭的门后进行的竞争。
Research methods: The analysis focuses on the top leagues of England, Italy, France, Spain and Germany. Using panel data methods and exploiting the variation in day-to-day attendances in these leagues, the impacts on implied spectator demand from the news of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths can be quantified.
研究方法：分析的重点是英格兰、意大利、法国、西班牙和德国的顶级联赛。使用面板数据并利用这些联赛的日常上座率的变化，可以量化COVID-19确诊病例和死亡消息对隐含的观众需求的影响。
Research findings: In Italy, England and Germany, stadium attendances were negatively affected by the previous day’ s newly confirmed domestic cases or deaths. In Spain and France, there was no attendance response to the early stages of the domestic outbreaks.
研究结果与发现：在意大利、英格兰和德国，前一天的国内确诊病例或死亡病例对体育场的上座率产生了负面影响。在西班牙和法国，在国内疫情爆发的早期阶段，观众没有相应的反应。
Implications: COVID-19 was affecting football match spectator demand before European countries enforced lockdowns and other restrictions to suppress the spread of the disease. This suggests that fans significantly responded to the risk of catching the virus. If this risk remains when stadiums reopen, then sports organisations should expect reduced ticket demand. This suggests that managers should adopt more dynamic and creative pricing strategies, and use their stadiums in more innovative ways, if they are to survive financially in a world where COVID-19 remains a threat to public health.
启示：在欧洲国家实施封锁和其他限制措施以抑制疫情的传播之前，疫情就已经影响了足球比赛的观众需求。这表明，球迷对感染病毒的风险作出了重大反应。如果这种风险在体育场馆重新开放时仍然存在，那么体育组织应该做好门票需求会减少的预期。这表明，如果管理者想在一个疫情仍然对公共健康构成威胁的世界中获得经济上的生存，他们应该采取更灵活的定价策略，并创新地使用体育场馆。
Keywords: Demand for sport; stadium attendance; coronavirus; European economy; public health
关键词：体育需求；体育场出席；冠状病毒；欧洲经济；公共卫生
⑤How did regular sports bettors behave during covid-19 lockdown? Evidence from Poland
普通体育博彩者在疫情隔离期间是如何表现的？来自波兰的证据
作者：Przemysław Nosal & Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez
Research question: The coronavirus pandemic (covid-19) has significantly altered everyday life in numerous aspects. One of them is sports betting and the uncertainty regarding the effects of lockdown on bettors’behaviour. This paper explores four key questions about sports bettors during covid-19: (1) have they ceased their sports betting? (2) Have they substituted betting for other online gambling activities (or esports)? (3) Have they saved more time or money?, and (4) How do they feel about their betting?
研究问题：新冠疫情在许多方面显著改变了人们的日常生活。其中之一是体育博彩，以及隔离对博彩者行为影响的不确定性。本文探讨了新冠肺炎疫情期间体育博彩者的四个关键问题：(1)他们是否停止了体育博彩？(2)他们是否用投注代替了其他在线赌博活动(或电子竞技)？(3)他们节省了更多的时间或金钱吗？(4)他们对自己的博彩感觉如何?
Research methods: The study reports findings from an online survey. Data was collected during the pandemic outbreak and before any major sport competition resumed its activity (5–7 May 2020). The survey was conducted in Poland. A purposive sampling method was used to reach regular sport bettors– where‘regular’means those who had bet at least once a month before covid-19. In total, 240 regular sports bettors completed the questionnaire in full. A binominal logistic regression model was used to analyse the behavioural changes of bettors during the pandemic.
研究方法：该研究报告了一项波兰的在线调查的结果。数据是在疫情暴发期间和大型体育比赛恢复活动之前收集的（2020年5月5日至7日）。采用了有目的的抽样方法来抽取定期体育博彩者，其中“定期”指的是那些在疫情之前至少每月下注一次的人。共有240名体育博彩常客完整填写了问卷。采用了二项逻辑回归模型来分析疫情期间博彩者的行为变化。
Research findings: The findings showed that most bettors ceased or seriously reduced their betting. In general, they did not substitute it with other forms of gambling. The majority of respondents saved time and money. Many of them also declared not missing betting.
研究结果与发现：调查结果显示，大多数博彩者停止下注或严重减少下注。一般来说，他们不会用其他形式的赌博来代替体育博彩。大多数受访者节省了时间和金钱。他们中的许多人还宣布不会错过体育博彩。
Implications: The results did not depict sports bettors as desperate to resume betting, and willing to substitute it for any other gambling form in order to maintain their gambling habit. The betting industry’s efforts to mitigate the impact of sport events cancellations by promoting virtual sports, esports, or other casino games do not seem to be especially attractive for regular sports bettors.
启示：结果显示，体育博彩者并没有急于恢复赌博，也没有为了保持博彩习惯而代替其他赌博形式。博彩行业试图通过推广虚拟体育、电子竞技或其他博彩游戏来减轻取消体育赛事的影响，但这一行为似乎对体育赛事的普通博彩者没有特别的吸引力。
Keywords: Sports betting; gambling; gambling behaviour; covid19; Poland
关键词：体育博彩；赌博；赌博行为；covid19；波兰
⑥A bright spot for a small league: social media performance in a football league without a COVID-19 lockdown
一个小联盟的亮点：没有疫情隔离的足球联盟的社交媒体表现
作者：Daniel Weimar, Lisa Carola Holthoff & Rui Biscaia
Research question: Pull effects in attention from smaller leagues towards bigger leagues have been under discussion. Nevertheless, causal empirical evidence on such attention interception is non-existent, and the suspension of sport leagues during the COVID-19 lockdown provides a perfect context for examination. The purpose of this study is to test whether the fan interest towards smaller leagues suffers from the presence of bigger leagues.
研究问题：人们一直在讨论小联赛对大联赛的注意力拉动效应。然而，关于这种注意力拦截的因果实证并不存在，而在疫情隔离期间，体育联盟的暂停提供了一个完美的检验背景。本研究的目的是检验球迷对小联赛的兴趣是否因大联赛的存在而受到影响。
Research methods: While COVID-19 suspended top professional football worldwide, the Belarus league remained active. We used daily follower statistics (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube) three month before, during, and three months after the lockdown. Since we have these statistics for Belarus clubs as well as for 847 lockdown-affected football clubs (48first division leagues,Nmax= 142,139), we use a difference-in-differences approach to estimate the effect of the shock caused by the lockdown.
研究方法：虽然新冠肺炎疫情暂停了全球顶级职业足球比赛，但白俄罗斯联赛仍然很活跃。我们使用了封城前三个月、封城期间和封城后三个月的每日关注者统计数据(Facebook、Twitter、Instagram、Youtube)。由于有白俄罗斯俱乐部以及受隔离影响的847家足球俱乐部(48个甲级联赛，Nmax= 142,139)的这些统计数据，所以使用了差分法来估计隔离造成的冲击。
Research findings: Results indicate an increase in social media attention (throughout all social media channels) for Belarus clubs after the worldwide lockdown. A decrease was then observed after the revitalization of worldwide professional football leagues. The growth rates slowed down to an almost before COVID-19 level after the restart of other leagues.
研究结果与发现：结果表明，在全球封锁后，白俄罗斯俱乐部的社交媒体关注度（通过所有社交媒体渠道）有所增加。在世界范围内的职业足球联赛重启后，白俄罗斯俱乐部的社交媒体关注度有所下降。在其他联赛重启后，白俄罗斯俱乐部的社交媒体关注度增长率几乎降至新冠疫情之前的水平。
Implications: First, keeping a league open during a pandemic boosts consumer/fan attention, which may lead league organizers and club managers to maintain a league open longer than advised by national health authorities. Second, since bigger leagues seem to pull of attention from smaller leagues, they could compensate the smaller leagues (financially or nonfinancial) for the loss of fan interest.
启示：首先，在疫情期间保持联赛开放，可以提高消费者/球迷的关注度，这可能导致联赛组织者和俱乐部经理保持联赛开放的时间超过国家卫生部门的建议的时间。其次，由于大联赛似乎从小联赛中吸引了注意力，他们可以对小联赛的球迷兴趣损失进行补偿（财政或非财政）。
Keywords: COVID-19; lockdown; football leagues; compensation; sport fans
关键词：COVID-19；锁定；足球联盟；补偿；体育球迷
⑦A losing battle? Women’s sport pre- and post COVID-19
一场失败的战斗？19世纪初和19世纪初的妇女运动
作者：Ali Bowes, Lucy Lomax and Jessica Piasecki
Research question: In 2019, women’s sport was reported as being on the rise. Increased participation rates, media coverage, investment and support were evident. Following the spread of COVID-19 across the globe, which halted most forms of competitive sport, there were repeated concerns about the future of women’s sport. This research aims to document elite sportswomen’s perceptions of the state of women’s sport preCOVID-19 and the possible impact moving forwards.
研究问题：据报道，2019年女性体育正在崛起。参与率、媒体报道、投资和支持的增加是显而易见的。全球蔓延的新冠疫情导致大多数竞技体育停止后，人们对女性体育的未来一再表示担忧。这项研究旨在记录女性精英运动员对疫情之前的女性体育状况以及未来可能产生的影响的看法。
Research methods: Ninety five responses from an online, anonymous, qualitative questionnaire completed by elite sportswomen mainly based, in the UK, on the impact of COVID19 on women’s sport were collected. Data were subject to a thematic analysis, to determine key concerns, and the frequency data of responses were quantitatively recorded.
研究方法：该研究收集了95份在线、匿名、定性调查问卷，问卷主要由英国的优秀女运动员填写，内容是关于新冠疫情对女性体育的影响。对数据进行了主题分析，以确定关键的关注点，并对答复的频率数据进行了定量记录。
Research findings: Most sportswomen felt that women’s sport was on an upward trajectory, but many juxtaposed that against inequality compared to men’s sport in terms of media coverage and finance. There were concerns that the subordinate position women’s sport, with less resources and support, will have severe implications post-COVID-19. However, there were considerations that a pause in sport would allow for personal development, increased participation upon sports return and space for a reconfiguration of sport.
研究结果与发现：大多数女运动员认为，女性体育运动正处于上升趋势，但许多人将这与男性体育运动在媒体报道和资金方面的不平等相提并论。有人担心，在资源和支持较少的情况下，女性体育的从属地位将会在新冠疫情后更加严重。但是，也有人考虑到，暂停体育活动可以促进个人发展，增加参加体育活动的机会，并可以重新配置体育运动。
Implications: Those involved in sport are encouraged to think more critically about progress narratives in women’s sport. We caution that these hide perpetual, structural and symbolic inequalities and propose that they are positioned more coherently within wider gender equity agenda. This is a process that will require widespread cultural change.
启示：我们鼓励参与体育运动的人对妇女体育的进步叙述进行更多的批判性思考。我们警告这些说法掩盖了长期的、结构性的和象征性的不平等，并建议在更广泛的性别平等议程中对它们进行更一致的定位。这是一个需要广泛的文化变革的过程。
Keywords: Women’s sport; professional sport; COVID-19; financial precariousness; gender inequality
关键词：女性运动；专业运动；COVID-19；金融不稳定；性别不平等查看所有体育管理顶刊概览与论文研读：
